Importance of Sunscreen Regulation
The FDA issued a commentary on May 6, highlighting the growing importance of safe sunscreens. With more people using sunscreens frequently and in larger amounts, it is critical to ensure their safety. A recent study, “Effect of sunscreen application under maximal use conditions on plasma concentrations of sunscreen active ingredients” by Matta et al. (JAMA, May 6, 2019), examined this issue. This study looked at the systemic absorption of sunscreens when applied in large amounts.
Sunscreen Absorption and Plasma Concentrations
In the study, participants used four types of sunscreen: two sprays, a lotion, and a cream. The participants applied 2 mg of sunscreen per 1 cm² to 75% of their body surface four times a day for four days. Afterward, blood samples were taken for analysis. The study showed that the plasma concentrations of four tested ingredients—avobenzone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, and ecamsule—were above 0.5 ng/mL.
The FDA’s guidelines state that any sunscreen ingredients with systemic absorption above 0.5 ng/mL should undergo additional safety testing. This includes evaluating the risks of carcinogenicity, developmental abnormalities, and other adverse effects. While the data on sunscreen ingredients is growing, more research is needed to assess long-term safety.
The Effectiveness of Physical vs. Chemical Sunscreens
Two active sunscreen ingredients—zinc oxide and titanium dioxide—are recognized as safe and effective by the FDA. These ingredients are commonly used in physical blocking sunscreens. They provide excellent UV protection without compromising cosmetics. On the other hand, chemical sunscreens can achieve higher SPF levels, but there is a lack of sufficient data on the long-term safety of several other active ingredients, including oxybenzone and avobenzone.
Sunscreen Safety Concerns and Environmental Impact
Some studies have shown that ingredients like oxybenzone and octinoxate can harm the environment. These chemicals are linked to coral bleaching, DNA damage, and the disruption of marine life. In 2018, Hawaii became the first state to ban sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate. Other regions, such as the Republic of Palau and Key West, Florida, followed suit.
These chemicals may also accumulate in marine organisms, leading to reproductive issues and damaging ecosystems. NASA has reported that 27% of monitored reef formations have already been lost, with 32% more at risk. Reefs may only cover 0.2% of the ocean floor, but they are crucial for sustaining marine biodiversity.
Legislative Actions and Future Research
In early May 2019, Rep. Tulsi Gabbard (D-Hawaii) and Sen. Tim Ryan (D-Ohio) introduced the Oxybenzone and Octinoxate Impact Study Act of 2019 (H.R. 2588). This bill aims to study the effects of these chemicals on human health and the environment. The EPA will provide findings to Congress and the public within 18 months.
The Importance of Sun Protection
Sun protection is vital in preventing skin cancer. Multiple sunburns during childhood can double the risk of developing skin cancer later in life. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States, with 5 million cases treated each year. One in five Americans will develop skin cancer by age 70.
As a Mohs and cosmetic dermatologic surgeon, I recognize the protective power of sunscreen against skin cancer, photoaging, and pigmentation issues. The FDA’s improvements in sunscreen regulation are a step forward. Research like this is crucial for ensuring the safety of sunscreen ingredients for both human health and the environment.
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